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By using ‘point source’ CO 2 or flue gas capture in manufactured products made from ashes, this circular economic activity will reduce solid and gaseous emissions, landfilling and the extraction of virgin stone.Ĭoncrete is the second most consumed material on Earth after water, with approximately 3.27 Gt currently produced, rising to 4.83 Gt by 2030 15. Biomass waste to energy plants emit 47 Mt CO 2 each year 14, and the ashes generated tend to be reactive to CO 2 to a lesser or greater degree.

The valorised products from biomass ashes have potential to be significantly carbon negative in a ‘closed loop’ manufacturing process 13. Low energy, low carbon management solutions that valorise waste are, therefore, a preferred option. If biomass residues have potential for other uses, their displacement should follow the “waste management hierarchy”, namely: prevention, re-use, recycling (including composting), energy recovery, and (only when no other options are available) disposal 12. The IEA projects that forestry and agriculture wastes will continue to increase 10, with Asia and North America accounting for two-thirds of biomass wastes arising from crop production 11. By way of example, 1 tonne of landfilled dry, ash-free wood produces 0.73 ton CO 2 5, whereas 1 tonne of fuel wood produces approximately 1.4 t or CO 2 6.īiomass burning contributes about 18% of total global emissions 7, 8, with 70% of this arising from use as domestic fuel, primarily by poor and agrarian communities 9. In developing countries, most biomass residues are left in the field to decompose naturally or are burned in the open impacting surface water and the atmosphere. The current global annual generation of all biomass waste including animal waste, is in the order of 140 Gt 2, 4, and when their disposal, utilisation and management are inappropriate, adverse environmental impacts arise.

The growing world population will drive the intensification of agricultural industrial activities, and as a consequence, larger quantities of waste/residues from both harvestable yield and non-harvestable biomass can be expected to be produced. Due to the increasing demand for energy, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) expect greenhouse gases (GHGs) to increase by 50% by 2050, and possibly to 750ppm by 2100, if no adequate management options are sought 3. By way of example, the supply of energy is projected to increase at an annual rate of 1.6%/yr, to 2030 2. An extrapolation of potential for CO 2 offset in Europe provides an estimate of CO 2 sequestration potential to 2030.Īs the world’s population increases to 11.2 billion by the year 2100 1, the available resources to meet desired living standards must increase accordingly. The approach is conceptually simple, scalable, and can be applicable to a wide range of biomass ashes in a closed ‘emission-capture’ process ‘loop’. samples were ‘carbon negative’, even when 10% w/w CEM 1 was used) furthermore, biomass ashes were a suitable substitute for CEM 1 up to 50% w/w. The use of CEM 1 in the carbonated products was offset by the CO 2 mineralised (i.e.

Selected ashes were combined with raw biomass and Portland Cement, CEM 1 and exposed to CO 2. The CO 2-reactive ashes embodied significant amounts of CO 2 (147–424 g equivalent CO 2/kg ash). The CO 2 sequestered in ashes (125–414 g CO 2/kg) and that emitted after incineration (400–500 g CO 2/kg) was within the same range (w/w). These CO 2-reactive ashes could mineralise CO 2 gas and be used to cement ‘raw’ biomass in solid carbonated monolithic composites. A range of biomass residues (e.g., wood-derived, nut shells, fibres, and fruit peels) sourced in India, Africa and the UK were ashed and exposed to CO 2 gas. The present work investigates biomass wastes and their ashes for re-use in combination with mineralised CO 2 in cement-bound construction products.